Albert Bandura: Self Efficacy
How did Albert Bandura develop his philosophy on self-efficacy. How is the philosophy used in education today? How does his self-efficacy theory support diversity in the classroom? How does self-efficacy support a biblical world view?
Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy emerged from his broader work in social cognitive theory. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Bandura developed this concept through a series of experiments and observations, which he elaborated on in his seminal work, particularly in the 1977 book “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.”
Development of Self-Efficacy Theory
- Observational Learning: Bandura’s work on observational learning (or modeling) led him to consider how people learn not just through direct experience but by watching others. He noticed that people’s beliefs about their capabilities were influenced by observing others’ successes and failures.
- Experiments: Bandura conducted experiments, such as the famous Bobo doll studies, where he demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors by observing adults. These studies showed that people learn and replicate behaviors by observing others, which fed into his understanding of self-efficacy.
- Concept of Self-Efficacy: Bandura proposed that self-efficacy beliefs influence the choices people make, the effort they put into activities, how long they persevere, and how they emotionally respond to challenges. This belief is shaped by four main sources:
- Mastery Experiences: Successes boost self-efficacy, while failures can undermine it.
- Vicarious Experiences: Observing others’ successes can increase one’s own belief in their ability.
- Social Persuasion: Encouragement or discouragement from others can influence self-efficacy.
- Emotional and Physiological States: One’s interpretation of physiological arousal (like stress or excitement) affects their self-efficacy.
Application in Education
- Student Motivation: Teachers can enhance students’ self-efficacy by providing them with achievable challenges and positive feedback. For example, breaking tasks into manageable parts and celebrating small successes helps build confidence.
- Classroom Strategies: Strategies such as cooperative learning, where students work together and observe peers’ successes, support the development of self-efficacy. Teachers can also model problem-solving and provide encouragement.
- Goal Setting: Encouraging students to set and work towards their own goals helps them develop a sense of competence and control over their learning.
Support for Diversity in the Classroom
- Empowering All Students: Self-efficacy theory supports the idea that every student, regardless of background, has the potential to succeed if given the right support and opportunities. Teachers can use differentiated instruction to cater to diverse learning needs and backgrounds.
- Encouraging Resilience: Students from diverse backgrounds may face different challenges. Self-efficacy theory suggests that